Breeding Chickens

There is more than one way to expand your chicken flock. You can buy more chickens or you can breed the chickens you currently have. Breeding your own chickens is relatively easy, and lots of chicken keepers choose to do this.

If you plan putting your chickens into poultry shows, you will definitely be breeding your own show chickens. It can be great fun and a process that your whole family will enjoy.

A group of young chicks under a warm light

Setting Up A Breeding Flock

First things first. Check your local ordinances and by-laws to make sure it's legal for you to bring home a rooster, and to breed hens.

If you don’t own a rooster, you can get one from a reputable breeder. If you are breeding for showing purposes then you should go to a breeder who has a good reputation for providing good parent stock. Your own breeding flock should be founded in the spring time.

A beautiful Red Junglefowl rooster

You will need to build or purchase a breeding pen. This is a separate area to house the breeding flock. The birds should have their own coop and run. A breeding flock consists of one rooster and 6 to 10 hens. You should ensure that all chickens in your breeding flock are healthy and without any infections or parasites.

Mating

A rooster can mate with several hens in a single day. The mating process isn't gentle, and it can take its toll on your hens, with plucked feathers and wounds very common. Fitting poultry saddles to your breeding hens helps prevent any damage and protects the hens.

A rooster mating with a hen

When mating occurs the rooster will display courting behaviors, although not all male birds bother with the foreplay, and some may not display any courting behavior at all. This courting behavior usually consists of splaying his wings out and dragging them on the floor while side-stepping. The rooster may also pick up small objects and drop them to get the hen's attention.

Once she has fallen under his spell, the hen will usually squat and let the rooster mount her. He will climb on top of her, grip her, neck feathers with his beak and ‘tread’ to steady himself. This is known as ‘treading’. A rooster's reproductive sexual organ (a papilla) is located just inside his vent. The two vents will touch in an action known as a ‘cloacal kiss’. The whole mating process is over very quickly, just a minute or so from start to finish.

Fertilized Eggs

You will need to collect the eggs regularly, even if you plan on having one of your broody hens hatch them. This is so you can choose the best eggs for her to brood. It is also believed that storing fertilized eggs for 24 hours before they are incubated ensures successful hatching. Fertilized eggs will not turn into embryos unless they are correctly incubated.

When you are collecting the eggs, make sure you have clean hands so you don’t pass any pathogens onto the eggs through their porous shells. Take care when handling the eggs so as not to break them. It is also important to keep the nest free of droppings or mud to keep the eggs clean. If you do this you won’t have to worry about cleaning the eggs prior to incubation. If you do have to clean the eggs you should use an egg sanitizer and warm water. When choosing eggs to store and hatch. choose ones that are a regular shape and have no cracks.

When you store fertilized eggs you should store them the pointy end down in an egg box. They can be stored up to 7 days before being incubated. You should store them at 13°C in a place with high humidity. You will also need to turn the eggs to ensure the inner membrane doesn’t get stuck to the outer shell. You can simply place a thick book or an empty egg box under one end of the egg box and change ends once in the morning and then again in the evening to tilt the eggs the other way.

Hatching The Eggs

You have two options when it comes to hatching your fertilised eggs. You can either use an incubator or a broody hen. An incubator is more reliable but require more of your attention. For information on how to hatch and incubate eggs yourself click here.

A clutch of fertilised chicken eggs in an incubator

You should put your broody hen in her own broody box. A rabbit hutch can be a good option as it provides a dark quiet area to nest and a separate area for food and water. A broody box will need to be humid. To achieve this you can cut some turf to fit the nesting box area. Turn it earth side up and make a slight hollow in it to make sure the eggs stay put. Cover the turf with fresh bedding. You should move your chosen broody to this broody box and place some fake eggs under her and wait a day for her to get used to her new nest and to ensure that she is going to incubate your eggs to completion.

A chick hatching, breaking through the shell with its beak

You should introduce your fertilised clutch of eggs at night. A large hen can incubate up to 12 eggs, but smaller bantam breeds can only manage around 6 eggs. You should make sure that she fully covers all of the eggs without having to stretch. It will take on average 21 days for the eggs to hatch. This time will vary from breed to breed.

Your broody hen should manage the whole process by herself from. She will aid the hatching process and will give up on any eggs that aren’t going to hatch. When she has left the nest with her newly hatched chicks you should remove any remaining eggs and dispose of them.

Rearing The Chicks

You should keep your hen and chicks separate from the flock until the chicks are 6 weeks old. You should also keep them inside for a week as it will be too cold and probably wet outside. You should provide chick crumbs and water in a specific chick waterer. After a week the chicks can go outside onto short grass. You should keep them in a secure run that is covered over to stop any predators from getting to the chicks. Your mother hen will teach them everything they need to know.

A healthy young chick sitting in the palm of its owner's hand

At 6 weeks you can introduce them to the flock. Their mother should protect them from any bullying but keep an eye on them and make sure they are all getting on. If they are in any danger you should remove them and wait for them to be a bit bigger before reintroducing them.